🗣 Шпаргалка

Косвенная речь: как передать чужие слова

He said he was tired — таблица сдвига времён, said и told.

Зачем это нужно

Чтобы пересказать чужие слова: «Макс сказал, что устал», «Она спросила, свободен ли я».

Что такое косвенная речь

Прямая речь — точные слова в кавычках: Max: «I'm tired.»
Косвенная речь — пересказ: Max said he was tired.

Главное отличие от русского

По-английски при пересказе время сдвигается на шаг в прошлое: am → was, will → would, can → could. По-русски так не делают.

На уровне B2

Вместо бесконечного said берут точный глагол: admitted, denied, promised, warned. У каждого своя конструкция — она в таблице ниже.

Запомни: said — без человека, told — с человеком: She told me…

Сдвиг времён

Сказали	Пересказ	Пример
am / is / are	was / were	"I'm tired." → He said he was tired.
Present Simple	Past Simple	"I work here." → She said she worked there.
will	would	"I'll call." → He said he would call.
can	could	"I can help." → She said she could help.
Past Simple / Present Perfect	Past Perfect	"I've seen it." → He said he had seen it.

Слова-ориентиры тоже меняются

Сказали	Пересказ
now	then
today	that day
yesterday	the day before
tomorrow	the next day
here	there

said, told, asked

said — без человека

She said (that) she was busy.

told — всегда с человеком

She told me (that) she was busy.

Вопрос — asked if / asked where

"Are you free?" → She asked if I was free. "Where do you live?" → He asked where I lived.

Просьба — told / asked + to

"Come at six!" → He told us to come at six. "Don't worry!" → She told me not to worry.

Как в новостях: «говорят, что…» (C1)

Когда	Форма	Пример
сейчас	is said / believed to be	He is said to be very rich.
сейчас, процесс	is believed to be doing	The thief is believed to be hiding in the city.
раньше	is said to have done	She is said to have left the country.
раньше, с ним	is thought to have been done	The painting is thought to have been stolen.

Глаголы вместо said (B2)

Глагол	Что после	Пример
admit	+ -ing	He admitted making a mistake.
deny	+ -ing	She denied taking the money.
suggest	+ -ing / that…	Tom suggested going by train.
promise	+ to	She promised to call.
refuse	+ to	He refused to pay.
offer	+ to	Max offered to help.
agree	+ to	They agreed to wait.
warn	+ кого + (not) to	She warned me not to go.
remind	+ кого + to	He reminded me to lock the door.
advise	+ кого + to	The doctor advised me to rest.

Частые ошибки

✗ She said me that…

✓ She told me that…

с человеком — told

✗ He asked where do I live.

✓ He asked where I lived.

в пересказе вопроса — обычный порядок

✗ She said she will call.

✓ She said she would call.

will → would

✗ He told me don't worry.

✓ He told me not to worry.

запрет — not to

✗ He denied to take it.

✓ He denied taking it.

deny + -ing

✗ She suggested me to go.

✓ She suggested going.

после suggest — -ing или that…

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